The government wants to increase the progressiveness of income taxation. Okay, that's very fair and recommendable. Finance Minister Fernando Haddad is very committed to this. But that alone will not reduce the gross debt/GDP ratio and interest rates over the next few years.
To reduce public spending, it needs to be frozen for at least ten years. Nominal spending should be increased only by inflation (freezing in real terms) while preserving social spending. In other words, a new "Teto de Gastos" - that is, a new constitutional device that would once again establish a maximum level of public expenditure over the years - would be needed, as well as cutting tax breaks and exemptions, as recently suggested by former Central Bank president Armínio Fraga Neto. But Fraga Neto also proposed freezing the minimum wage, which is not only unfair, but also unfeasible from a political and social standpoint. Therefore, it is an ineffective proposal, despite his intellectual and policymaking skills.A new round of pension reform would also be necessary, especially for the military. But then we would have another politically unfeasible proposal, even more so after the failed military coup of January 8, 2023.
In fact, the only viable proposal that would bring the gross debt/GDP and basic interest rate to a reasonable level would be the return of "Teto de Gastos", combined with the cut, in about 2 or 3 years, of at least 500 billion Brazilian reais in tax breaks and exemptions. Today, we have more than 800 billion in these items.
With lower interest rates, it would be easier to reduce the gross debt/GDP ratio, either by expanding GDP or by gradually reducing gross debt (with lower carrying costs, due to lower interest rates).
In addition, inflationary expectations could be aligned. Something similar happened quickly during the government of Michel Temer. Brazil was then experiencing a much more critical scenario of fiscal dominance and stagflation.
We could also achieve greater efficiency in monetary policy decisions. Interest rates could fall more quickly and, in the event of a resurgence of inflation, there would be no need for a very abrupt and intense increase in the Selic rate, as we saw in the government of Jair Bolsonaro and the current one.
We would also have better conditions for stability in the real exchange rate, probably. Because foreign investment would return, with B3 becoming more attractive with lower interest rates and the reduction of uncertainty associated with the fiscal imbalance.
In short, we could have a virtuous circle. But the short-sightedness of the Workers' Party, with the exception of Minister Haddad, is notorious. President Lula, by appointing Gleisi Hoffmann as political coordinator in the National Congress, doubled down on the economic demagogy of increasing spending. With this, expectations of recovery from fiscal fragility can only begin from 2027, after next year's elections.